Palm kernel shell

PKS should not be confused with palm kernel expellers, which can contain more residual oil and are therefore regulated in the appropriate section of the IMSBC Code under “seed cake” Group B cargoes, i.e. cargoes that present a chemical hazard. However, while the properties of PKS may not match either of the established IMSBC Code schedules, PKS is associated with the following potential hazards:. Palm Kernel Shells 

• PKS undergoes microbiological self-heating as a result of being routinely loaded with a moisture content well above the point where mould spores and/or bacteria can proliferate.  Reportedly, temperatures above 70°C are commonly measured inside the holds during loading.
• The cargo undergoes oxidative self-heating, most likely through oxidation of the oil residues, and this can lead to an element of combustion, as evidenced by rapid oxygen depletion and high carbon monoxide levels measured in PKS cargoes. 
• Oxygen depletion and high carbon monoxide levels present a serious risk to the safety of the crew and/or any stevedores entering the cargo spaces.  It is necessary to undertake extensive ventilation and gas monitoring to ensure safe working conditions prior to entering the cargo spaces or accesses.

Palm kernel shell (PKS) is a by-product in the production of palm oil and is commonly used in the natural biomass energy industry. PKS is a fibrous material, brownish-yellow in colour and with particle sizes normally ranging between 5 mm and 40 mm. Due to its high calorific value, averaging 4000 Kcal/kg, and low ash content, it is considered an attractive source of fuel in the production of energy from renewable sources. Each year the palm oil industry produces over 5 million tons of PKS. Although the cargo is frequently carried by ship, there is currently no schedule for the cargo in the IMSBC Code. Although a draft schedule for PKS has been proposed to the IMO’s working group, there is currently no firm date for when the amendments, if any, will be incorporated into the Code.